List of National Games of countries

✍🏻

♦ Country ➖   Game  ✍🏻
---------------------------------------------------
🔹USA  ➖ Baseball
🔹Spain ➖  Bulls Fighting
🔹Canada➖  Ice Hockey
🔹New Zealand➖  Rugby Union
🔹India ➖    Hockey
🔹Pakistan➖   Hockey
🔹Bangladesh➖ Kabaddi
🔹Srilanka➖  Volleyball
🔹Russia➖  Football & Chess
🔹China ➖  Table Tennis
🔹Brazil ➖    Football
🔹France➖   Football
🔹England ➖  Cricket
🔹Japan  ➖    Judo
🔹Australia➖  Cricket
🔹Pakistan➖   Hockey
🔹Malaysia➖  Badminton
🔹Scotland➖   Rugby Football
🔹Indonesia➖  Badminton
🔹Bhutan➖    Archery
🔹Switzerland➖  Shooting & Gymnastics
🔹 Turkey ➖  Wrestling
_______________________________
____________________________

Banking and Financial Committees in India

✅                      ✅

#Part - I

✔️ Continuous Economy committee  - Black Money and The Unaccounted Money

✔️ YH Malegam committee - Monitor Bad Loans

✔️ Revamps Expert Panel - Market Infrastructure Institutions

✔️ Jaitley-led Panel - Inspect the merger proposals of state-owned banks.

✔️ M Vinod Kumar Panel - Review of GST laws

✔️ Arbind Modi-led Panel -  Simplify Income Tax Laws

✔️ AK Bhuchar Committee - Coordination Between Term Lending Institutions And Commercial Banks

✔️ B Eradi Committee -  Insolvency And Wind Up Laws

✔️ Wanchoo Committee  - Direct Taxes

✔️ YV Reddy Committee -  Reforms In Small Savings

✔️ B Sivaraman Committee -  Institutional Credit For Agricultural & Rural Development

✔️ A Ghosh Committee -  Frauds & Malpractices In Banks

✔️ Abid Hussain Committee -  Development Of Capital Markets

✔️ Adhyarjuna Committee  Changes In NI Act And Stamp Act

✔️ G Sundaram Committee -  Export Credit

✔️ Gadgil Committee (1969) -  Lead Banking System

✔️ James Raj Committee -  Functioning Of Public Sector Banks

✔️ Jankiramanan Committee -  Securities Transactions Of Banks & Financial Institutions

✔️ JV Shetty Committee -  Consortium Advances

✔️ K Madhav Das Committee  Urban Cooperative Banks

✔️ Kalyanasundaram Committee -  Introduction Of Factoring Services In India

✔️ Kamath Committee -  Education Loan Scheme

✔️Karve Committee  - Small Scale Industry

✔️ Godwala Committee -   Rural Finance

✔️ B Venkatappaiah Committee -   All India Rural Credit Review

✔️ BD Shah Committee  - Stock Lending Scheme

✔️ BD Thakar Committee -   Job Criteria In Bank Loans (Approach)

✔️ Bhagwati Committee -  Unemployment

✔️ Bhagwati Committee -   Public Welfare

✔️Bhave Committee -  Share Transfer Reforms

✔️ Bhide Committee -  Coordination Between Commercial Banks And SFC’s
Bhootlingam Committee  Wage, Income & Prices

✔️ C Rao Committee -  Agricultural Policy

✔️ CE Kamath Committee -  Multi-Agency Approach In Agricultural Finance

✔️ Chatalier Committee -  Finance To Small Scale Industry

✔️ Chesi Committee -  Direct Taxes

✅ Banking and Financial Committees in India ✅

#part - II

✔️ Cook Committee (On Behalf Of BIS – Under Basel Committee )  Capital Adequacy Of Banks

✔️ D R Mehta Committee -  Review Progress And Recommend Improvement Measures Of IRDP

✔️ Damle Committee -  MICR

✔️ WS Saraf Committee -  Technology Issues In Banking Industry

✔️ Y H Malegam Committee -  Disclosure Norms For Public Issues

✔️ Dandekar Committee -  Regional Imbalances

✔️ Dantwala Committee -  Estimation Of Employment

✔️Dave Committee  -  Mutual Funds (Functioning)

✔️ Dharia Committee - Public Distribution System

✔️ A Ghosh Committee - Final Accounts

✔️DR Gadgil Committee -  Agricultural Finance

✔️Goiporia Committee -  Customer Service In Banks

✔️GS Dahotre Committee -  Credit Requirements Of Leasing Industry

✔️ GS Patel Committee -  Carry Forward System On Stock Exchanges

✔️Hathi Committee -  Soiled Banknotes

✔️Hazari Committee (1967) -  Industrial Policy

✔️ SS Kohli Committee -  Rationalization Of Staff Strength In Bank

✔️ SS Tarapore Committee -  Capital Account Convertibility

✔️ Dutta Committee -  Industrial Licensing

✔️A C Shah Committee  - NBFC

✔️ A Ghosh Committee -  Modalities Of Implementation Of New 20 Point Programme

✔️G Lakshmi Narayan Committee -  Extension Of Credit Limits On Basis Of Consortium

✔️IT Vaz Committee  - Working Capital Finance In Banks

✔️J Reddy Committee -   Reforms In Insurance Sector

✔️ KB Chore Committee -   To Review The Symbol Of Cash Credit Q

Concepts of Microeconomics – An Introduction

Understanding the concepts of microeconomics is very important because microeconomics is the study of the economic behavior of individual units of an economy. The individual units comprise persons, households, firms or industries. Microeconomics does not explain what should happen in a market; instead, it explains what one should expect if certain conditions change.

Here we will focus on the most important concepts of microeconomics. They are:

Markets

Goods

Demand and Supply

Marginal Utility Curve

Consumer Demand Theory

Welfare Economics

Let’s start with the most important concept of microeconomics – Market.

Market – Concepts of Microeconomics

In layman terms, a market is a place where sellers sell products and buyers buy products. Given below are the major forms of markets along with their descriptions:

TermsDefinitionsPerfect CompetitionThere are many different firms that are
making a homogeneous product or serviceMonopolistic Competition
(Also known as
competitive market)This form of market is characterized by a
large number of independent firms
and each firm has a very
small proportion of the overall market shareOligopolyIn this form of market, there
are a small number
of firms that have more than
40% of the market shareOligopsonyIn this market, there are many
sellers and very few buyersMonopolyIn this market, there is only one
seller of the product or serviceMonopsonyA market in which there is only one buyer

Among all the concepts of microeconomics, you will find that Price Determination is also an important concept that should not be missed. Price Determination is the interaction of the free market forces of demand and supply for the establishment of the general level of price for a product or service.

Goods – Concepts of Microeconomics 

These are tangible products that meet the needs of consumers. Here is a table that gives a brief explanation of the types of goods:

Types of GoodsDescriptionNormal GoodsAn increase in income causes an increase
in demand for normal goods. So, income
is directly proportional to demand.Inferior GoodsAn increase in income causes a decrease
in demand of such kinds of goods. So, income
is inversely proportional to demand.Luxury GoodsAn increase in income causes a substantial
increase in demand of luxury goods.
So, like normal goods, luxury goods
too have the same correlationGiffen GoodsThese are inferior goods that people
consume more even if the price rises.Veblen /
Snob GoodsIn such goods, the increase in price of the
goods encourages people to buy more of them.

To remember the types of goods use the acronym : NIL – Normal, Inferior and Luxury.

 Demand & Supply – Concepts of Microeconomics

Demand and Supply are two pillars of the microeconomics and are considered to be very important concepts of microeconomics. Demand refers to how much of a product or service is desired by buyers and Supply shows how much a market can offer to the buyers.

Other Important Concepts of Microeconomics

Marginal Utility Curve – This curve shows the relation between the marginal utility obtained from consuming an additional unit of product and the quantity of the product consumed.

Consumer Demand Theory – This theory emphasizes on the relationship between consumer demand for goods/services and their prices.

Welfare Economics – Welfare economics uses microeconomic techniques to evaluate the welfare or well-being at the aggregate level.

The aforementioned concepts of microeconomics are highly important concepts and provide you with the right path for all kinds of research or study. You can also read more about other General Awareness articles which are given below. Boost up your preparation skills and be ahead of the competition.

Download As PDF

National Education Policy 2019 – Key Facts

As per this act, every child who comes under the age group of 6 to 14 years has the right to have free and compulsory education. It is been stated as per the 86th Constitution Amendment Act through Article 21A. This act seeks out to give effect to this amendment.

All the government schools will offer free education to all the children. Moreover, the schools shall be managed by the School Management Committees (SMC).

Private schools will take at least 25% of the children without any fee.

The National Commission for Elementary Education will be established to monitor all features of basic education as well as quality.

Recently, a new scheme was proposed that promises to mend our existing education system. A new committee was established in this regard and chaired by Dr.Kasturirangan. The following are the planned objectives that this initiative is expected to achieve:

National Education Policy 2019 – Planned Objectives

This scheme is expected to transform the Indian educational systemand equip students, teachers, and educational institutions with the right competencies and capabilities.

As many as 19 proposals have been made by the Ministry of Human Resource Development which are mentioned hereunder;

1.  Formulation of new bodies to overlook different facets of education. One such institution to be formulated is Rashtriya Shiksha Aayog or National Education Commission which will be responsible for implementing educational initiatives and serve as the link between the Centre and the states.

2. To rename the Ministry of Human Resource Development as the Ministry of Education.

3. Reconstructing the curriculum and pedagogy with Early Childhood Care and Education as an integral component of school education.

4.  Extending the RTE Act, 2009 to cover children from age group 3 to 18. The curriculum would be divided into four stages based on the cognitive ability development of children.

Foundational stage from 3 to 8 years and would constitute 3 years of primary plus Standard 1 and 2;

Preparatory stage from 8 to 11 years covering Grades 3 to 5;

Middle Stage from 11 to 14 years covering Grades 6 to 8

Secondary Stage from 14 to 18 years and covering Standards 9 to 12.

5. Reducing the content load in the school education curriculum.

6. Functions of regulation, provision of education, accreditation, funding, the standard setting will be done by separate entities and maximum autonomy will be provided. This will eliminate conflicts of interest.

7. Building National Research Foundation to inculcate the culture of research and build research capacity.

8. Promote Indian and classical languages and set up three new National Institutes for Prakrit, Pali, and Persian.

9.  Public and private institutions should be treated as equals and education should be a not for profit activity.

10. The University Grants Commission will transform to Higher Education Grants Commission.

11. Restructure undergraduate programmes of 3 or 4 years duration.

12.  Minimum degree qualification required for teachers will be B.Ed which will be an integrated four-year programme.

13. Including arts, yoga, music, sports, community service, etc in the curriculum.

14. Develop core capacities and minimize rote learning. It will aim to develop several 21st-century skills like scientific temper, multilingualism, critical thinking, digital literacy, social responsibility.

15. Restructure higher education with three types of higher educational institutions.

Type 1– Focused on world-class research and high-quality teaching

Type 2– Focused on high-quality teaching across disciplines and contributing significantly to research

Type 3– High-quality teaching and focused on undergraduate education. This will be driven by two missions, namely, Mission Nalanda and Mission Takshashila.

16. To revamp the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)

17. New policy initiatives for internationalization of higher education, strengthening quality open and distance learning and eliminate social, regional and gender gaps in education.

18.  Set up Indian Institute of Translation and Interpretation.

19. Shut down sub-standard teacher education institutions and move all teacher preparation institutions to multidisciplinary universities or colleges.

This, however, is just a draft and after feedback from the general public and consultation from the state government, the draft shall be finalised. The draft is well researched theoretically and focuses on the right issues.

An education built on the foundation of quality and equity is central to sustainable development. The most important form of capital is human capital and should be accorded the highest priority. The National Education Policy is an extensive, inclusive and highly participatory process. It moves towards a common minimum goal of providing quality education to all.

World Blood Donor Day 2019

Every year, a host country is chosen to celebrate National Blood Donation Day.

World Blood Donor Day 2019 will be held in Rwanda.

The World Blood Donor Day 2019 slogan is ‘Safe blood for all‘.

The theme for World Blood Donation Day 2019 is “Blood donation and universal access to safe blood transfusion”.

History of World Blood Donation Day

14th June is also the birth anniversary of the Karl Landsteiner who won the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the ABO blood group system.

The celebration of the event first started in the year 2004aiming to raise public awareness by the World Health Organization, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

World Blood Donor Day was officially established by the WHO with its 192 member states at the 58^th World Health Assembly in May 2005.

Themes of World Blood Donor Day

Read below the year wise themes of World Blood Donor Day from 2012 to 2018.

Year	Theme
2019	Blood donation and universal access to safe blood transfusion
2018	Be there for Someone Else, Give Blood, Share Life
2017	Give Blood, Give Now, Give Often
2016	Blood Connects us All
2015	Thank you for Saving my Life
2014	Safe Blood for Saving Mothers
2013	Give the Gift of Life, Donate Blood
2012	Every Blood Donor is a Hero

Must Know Facts About Blood Transfusion

• People with Type O – blood are considered universal donors because it has neither A nor B surface antigens on the red blood cells.
• People with Type AB+ blood is considered to be universal recipient as it has both antigens A & B.
• Most of the time a transfusion is not a “whole blood” transfusion, rather certain blood products, with RBC being the most common.
• A donor, must ensure that that his/her age is between 18 – 65 years and weight is more than 45 kgs.
• After blood donation, the blood is tested for various parameters like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis, malaria and HIV (type 1 and 2).

All About NPAs

                 

• 

What are NPA’s (Non Performing Assets):

A mortgage in default would be considered non-performing, after a prolonged period of non-payment(90 days).

The lender will force the borrower to liquidate any assets that were pledged as part of the debt agreement. If no assets were pledged, the lenders might write-off the asset as a bad debt and then sell it at a discount to a collections agency. 

Here is an example to help you understand what NPA’s are and how Banks counter it-

Mr. X decided to start a business for that he needed money (the fuel) , X had 25% of the money in his pocket, he decided to go through the route of Initial Public Offering(IPO) to generate 25% more by offering his company shares to public , the remaining 50% he borrowed from Lena bank by mortgaging his papa’s land.

Days passed and the company started to do badly then to worse and the loan installments lapsed month on month, Lena bank issued warning but X continued the bad practice for more than 90 days (condition for NPA) and the bank labeled X as defaulter and the loan as a Non Performing Asset.

Now what X will do?

 He could take his case against the bank to Debt recovery tribunal (DRT- A court for such cases).

What are Lena bank’s options?

In 2002, Govt. gave bank’s a lifeline called as SARFAESI Act (Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of security interest Act)

With this Act Lena bank has the power to take possession of Mr.X’s property or can transfer this to some other ownership.

What bank will do with the acquired property?

Ø  Bank can use this for their own purpose like , opening a new branch on it, installing of ATM’s etc.

Ø  Bank can advertise in newspapers for the auction of the property acquired and could auction them on any pre decided day.

Ø  Bank can sell the property to ARC (Asset Reconstruction Company), these are registered companies under RBI, they buy such assets from banks and sell them at higher prices to gain profits.

ATM’s & WLA

Q.1. What is an Automated Teller Machine (ATM)?

Ans 1. Automated Teller Machine is a computerized machine that provides the customers of banks the facility of accessing their account for dispensing cash and to carry out other financial & non-financial transactions without the need to actually visit their bank branch.

Q.2. What are White Label ATMs (WLAs)?

Ans 2. ATMs set up, owned and operated by non-banks are called White Label ATMs. Non-bank ATM operators are authorized under Payment & Settlement Systems Act, 2007 by the Reserve Bank of India.

Q.3. What has been the rationale of allowing non-bank entities for setting up of WLAs ?

Ans 3. The rationale of allowing non-bank entity to set up White Label ATMs has been to increase the geographical spread of ATM for increased / enhanced customer service.

Q.4. What type of cards can be used at an ATM/WLA?

Ans 4. The ATM/ATM cum debit cards, credit cards and open prepaid cards (that permit cash withdrawal) issued by banks can be used at ATMs/WLAs for various transactions.

Q.5. What are the services/facilities available at ATMs/WLAs?

Ans 5. In addition to cash dispensing, ATMs/WLAs may offer many other services/facilities to bank customers. Some of these services include:

·        Account Information

·        Cash Deposit (Acceptance of deposits are not permitted at WLAs)

·        Regular Bills Payment (not permitted at WLAs)

·        Purchase of Re-load Vouchers for Mobiles (not permitted at WLAs)

·        Mini/Short Statement

·        PIN change

·        Request for Cheque Book

Q.6. What is Personal Identification Number (PIN)?

Ans 6. PIN is the numeric password which is separately mailed / handed over to the customer by the bank while issuing the card. Most banks require the customers to change the PIN on the first use. Customer should not disclose PIN to anybody, including to bank officials. Customers should change the PIN at regular intervals.

Q.7. Can these cards be used at any bank/non-bank ATM (WLA) in the country?

Ans 7. Yes. The cards issued by banks in India may be used at any bank / white label ATM in the country.

Q.8. Is the customer charged for ATM transactions?

Ans.8. With effect from November 01, 2014, Savings bank account holders can do a minimum of three transactions (including both financial and non-financial transactions) free of charge in a month at other bank ATMs in case of ATMs located in six metro locations, viz. Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru and Hyderabad. At other locations, the savings bank account holders can transact a minimum of five transactions (including both financial and non-financial transactions) free of charge in a month at other bank ATMs. Similarly, Basic Savings Bank Deposit Account holders will continue to get five free transactions. Banks on their own can decide to offer more number of transactions free of cost to their customers. In case of charges to be levied on customers, the customer can be charged a maximum of Rs. 20/- per transaction (plus service tax, if any) by his/her bank.

Q.9. What steps should a customer take in case of failed ATM transaction at other bank/white label ATMs, when his / her account is debited?

Ans 9. The customer should lodge a complaint with the card issuing bank at the earliest. This process is applicable even if the transaction was carried out at another bank’s/non-bank’s ATM. In case of WLAs, the contact number/toll free numbers are also available for lodging complaints regarding failed transactions at their ATMs.

Q.10. Is there any time limit for the card issuing banks for recrediting the customers account for a failed ATM/WLA transaction indicated under Q. No. 9?

Ans 10. As per the RBI instructions, banks have been mandated to resolve customer complaints by re-crediting the customer’s account within 7 working days from the date of complaint.

Q.11. Are the customers eligible for compensation for delays beyond 7 working days?

Ans 11. Yes. Effective from July 1, 2011, banks have to pay compensation of Rs. 100/- per day for delays in re-crediting the amount beyond 7 working days from the date of receipt of complaint for failed ATM transactions. The compensation has to be credited to the account of the customer without any claim being made by the customer. If the complaint is not lodged within 30 days of transaction, the customer is not entitled for any compensation for delay in resolving his / her complaint.

Q.12. What is the course of action for the customer if the complaint is not addressed by his/her bank within the stipulated time / not addressed to his satisfaction?

Ans 12. The customer can take recourse to the Banking Ombudsman, if the grievance is not redressed by the his/her card issuing bank.

HIMACHAL PRADESH

CM- Jai Ram Thakur

Governor-AcharyaDevVrat

Capital-Shimla

Statehood Day-25Jan1971

Nickname

 All Seasons’ State

Apple State

Mini Switzerland in India

High Court-Himachal

WLS

Bandli WLS

Chail WLS

Chandratal WLS

Churdhar WLS

Daranghati WLS

Dhauladhar WLS

Gamgul Siyabehi WLS

Kais WLS

Kalatop-Khajjiar WLS

Kanawar WLS

Khokhan WLS

Kibber WLS

Kugti WLS

Lippa Asrang WLS

Majathal WLS

Manali WLS

Nargu WLS

 Pong Dam Lake WLS

Renuka WLS

Rupi Bhaba WLS

Sangla Valley (Rakchham Chitkul) WLS

Sech Tuan Nala WLS

Sainj WLS

Shikari Devi WLS

Shimla Water Catchment WLS

Talra WLS

Tirthan WLS

Tundah WLS

Bird sanctuary

Gamgul bird sanctuary

Airport

Kullu–Manali Airport

Dharamsala airport

Shimla Airport

Stadium

HPCA Cricket stadium-Cricket Stadium, Dharmshala,

Indhira Gandhi stadium, Una.

Power Plant

Bhakra Nangal Hydro Electric Power plant

Dehar Hydro Electric Power plant

Baira-Siul Hydro Electric Power plant

Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Electric Power plant

Bindwa Hidel project

Bassi Hydro Electric project

Andhra Hydel  project

Festival

KulluDussehra

Shivratri Fair (Mandi)

ShooliniMela (Solan)

Minjar Fair (Chamba)

Mani Mahesh ChhariYatra (Chamba)

Renuka fair (Sirmaur)

Lavi Trade Fair (Rampur)

Dam

GobindSagar, Reservoir – Sutlej River

Maharana Pratap Sagar Reservoir / Pong Dam – Beas River

Nathpa Dam – Sutlej River

BhakraNangal Dam – Sutlej River

Chamera Dam – Ravi River

Pandoh Dam – Beas River

Language

Hindi (Official Language)

English (Additional official language)

Pahari,Dogri, Mandeali, Kangri and Kinnauri

National Boundary

 Uttarakhand

Haryana

Punjab

J & K

State Symbol

Animal-Snow leopard

Bird-Western tragopan 

Flower-Common
                   rhododendron

Tree-Deodar cedar

Dance

Ludhi

Munzra

Kanayala

Giddha parhaun

Hikat

The Kayang Mala Dance

Keekali

🎓IMPORTANT BRIDGES🎓

👉Bhupen Hzarika or Dhola Sadiya Bridge.....Assam（Brahmputra）🤗

👉Bogibeel Bridge（Longest road rail bridge）....Assam（Lohit）😊

👉Diffo Bridge....Arunachal pradesh😚

👉Single lane steel cable suspension Bridge......Arunachal pradesh（Siang）😉

👉First Vertical lift Bridge....Tamilnadu（It ll replace PAMBAN bridge）🐻

👉Signature Bridge（Cabled Styled Bridge）....Delhi（yamuna）👌

🎓NOTE----Vertical lift bridge Means The bridge ll b open in Between when a ship passes n then it ll b same like before.

Basically it is a Rail river Bridge.

Important Organisation

✍World bank
4th july 1944
Washington d.c.
4th july 1944
189 mc

✍OECD  1961
Franc peris
Angel Guriya
36

✍ADB  1966
MANDALUONG MANILA PHILIPPINES
68 MC
TAKEHIKO NAKAU

✍FAO 16 october 1945
Rome Italy
Rose girjiano de silva
Member country 197 ( 194 mc +1 organization +2 associate members)
UN ,TOKE LAU ,FERO ISLAND

✍SAARC
8 DEC 1985
Kathmandu
Amjad  hussain B SIAL
MC 8

✍OIC
25 sep 1969
Jeddha saudi Arebia
Usuf al othiaman
57

✍SCO
BIJING CHINA

✍WORLD FOOD PROGRAM
1961
Rome Italy
Ex.d Devid Beasley

✍World intellectual property organization  14 July 1967
Hq Geneva Switzerland
Director general francis gurry 4th  

✍EBRD 1991
India 69th member
MC 69
London uk
President Suma charabarti

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GDP OF INDIA (UPDATED)

Dated : 08/06/2019

=======================
ORG                    FY 20       FY 21
=======================
RBI                          7.2.           7.4
ADB                         7.2            7.3
FITCH                      6.8            7.1
WB                           7.5            7.5
IMF                          7.3            7.5
CSO.                        7.0
Ind Ratings             7.3
UN.                           7.1
OECD                       7.5
FICCI                        7.1
Goldman Sachs.    7.2

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Banking Ombudsman Scheme

• The Banking Ombudsman Scheme is an expeditious and inexpensive forum for bank customers for resolution of complaints relating to certain services rendered by Banks. 
• The Banking Ombudsman Scheme is introduced under Section 35 A of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 by RBI with effect from 1995. 
• Presently the Banking Ombudsman Scheme 2006 (as amended up to July 1, 2017) is in operation.
• Banking Ombudsman is a senior official appointed by RBI. He handles and redresses customer complaints against deficiency in certain banking services.

Boundary Lines

• Radcliffe Line - This is the boundary line between India and Pakistan. It was drawn by Sir Cyril Radcliffe on 17th August 1947 because of the separation between the two countries.

• Durand Line - This demarcates the boundary of Pakistan and Afghanistan.

• Hindenburg Line - This is the boundary dividing Poland and Germany.

• McMahon Line - It is the boundary line between India and China and it was drawn by Sir Henry McMahon.

• Marginal Line - This line was drawn up by General Mannerheim between Russia-Finland border. It is a 320-km line of fortification.

• Maginot Boundary Line - This boundary line demarcates France and Germany

• Oder-Neisse Line - This line was drawn between Poland and Germany after the Second World War

• 8th Parallel - It is the boundary between North and South Korea.

• 49th Parallel - This represents the boundary between Canada and USA.

• Mannerheim Line - This line demarcates Russia and Finland.

• Mason-Dixon Line - It is a line of demarcation between four states in the United State.

• Siegfried Line - It is the boundary between Germany and France.

• 24th Parallel - Pakistan feels that this should be the actual line between India and Pakistan. However, India does not approve of this.

• 17th Parallel - It defined the boundaries between North and South Vietnam before they unit46

Vocabulary-36

1.ABSTRACT=भावात्मक
Meaning:existing purely in mind
Synonyms: complex, unreal
Antonyms: real, simple
Example:Julie had trouble understanding the appeal of the abstract painting.

2.ABYSMAL=बेहद खराब
Meaning:extremely bad
Synonyms: bad, awful
Antonyms: good
Example:I got an abysmal grade on my research paper!

3.BREVITY=संक्षिप्तता
Meaning:the quality of being breif or terse
Synonyms: short, breif
Antonyms: large, long
Example:The brevity of their time together made it all the more romantic.

4.CONCEIVE=विचार करना
Meaning:to come up with
Synonyms: accept, assume
Antonyms: neglect, avoid
Example:The plan to build the city was originally conceived in the early 1900s.

5.CULMINATION=पराकाष्ठा
Meaning:the final act
Synonyms: climax, end
Antonyms: start
Example:The culmination of the performance was unforgettable.

6. DILEMMA=संकट की स्थिति
Meaning: a problem or doubt
Synonyms: doubt, unsure
Antonyms: sure, definite
Example:The main dilemma is whether to pay for a commercial or not.

7. DILIGENCE=परिश्रम
Meaning:the quality of being commited to a task
Synonyms: dedicated, commited
Antonyms: inactivity, lethargy
Example:Diligence and confidence will get you far in life.

8. ECCENTRIC=उत्केन्द्र
Meaning:deviating from the norm
Synonyms: bizarre, curious
Antonyms: common, familiar
Example:She’s a little eccentric but still fun to be around.

9. EMPHATIC=प्रभावी
Meaning:very expressive
Synonyms: active, explicit
Antonyms: inactive, implicit
Example:Her emphatic smile told me she was excited to ride the roller coaster.

10. HOSTILE=शत्रुतापूर्ण
Meaning: harmful or dangerous
Synonyms: dangerous, violent
Antonyms: safe,  friendly
Example:The voices around the corner sounded angry, hostile even.

MONETARY POLICY AND MONETARY POLICY COMMITTEE (MPC)

 RBI uses monetary policy to control inflation, interest rates,supply of money and credit
availability.
 The RBI has a government-constituted Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) which is tasked with
framing monetary policy using tools like the repo rate, reverse repo rate, bank rate, cash reserve
ratio (CRR).
Composition of MPC:
 The committee will have six members. Of the six members, the government will nominate three.
No government official will be nominated to the MPC.
 The other three members would be from the RBI with the governor being the ex-officio
chairperson. Deputy Governor of RBI in charge of the monetary policy will be a member, as also
an executive director of the central bank.
Decision: Decisions will be taken by majority vote with each member having a vote.
RBI governor’s role: The RBI Governor will chair the committee.The governor, however, will not enjoy
a veto power to overrule the other panel members, but will have a casting vote in case of a tie.
Selection: The government nominees to the MPC will be selected by a Search-cum-Selection Committee
under Cabinet Secretary with RBI Governor and Economic Affairs Secretary and
three experts in the field of economics or banking or finance or monetary policy as its members.
Term: Members of the MPC will be appointed for a period of four years and shall not be eligible for
reappointment.