Know more about your computer Shortcut Keys

Ctrl+A - Select All
Ctrl+B - Bold
Ctrl+C - Copy
Ctrl+D - Fill Down
Ctrl+F - Find
Ctrl+G - Goto
Ctrl+H - Replace
Ctrl+I - Italic
Ctrl+K - Insert Hyperlink
Ctrl+N - New Workbook
Ctrl+O - Open
Ctrl+P - Print
Ctrl+R - Fill Right
Ctrl+S - Save
Ctrl+U - Underline
Ctrl+V - Paste
Ctrl W - Close
Ctrl+X - Cut
Ctrl+Y - Repeat
Ctrl+Z - Undo
F1 - Help
F2 - Edit
F3 - Paste Name
F4 - Repeat last action
F4 - While typing a formula, switch between absolute/relative refs
F5 - Goto
F6 - Next Pane
F7 - Spell check
F8 - Extend mode
F9 - Recalculate all workbooks
F10 - Activate Menu bar
F11 - New Chart
F12 - Save As
Ctrl+: - Insert Current Time
Ctrl+; - Insert Current Date
Ctrl+" - Copy Value from Cell Above
Ctrl+’ - Copy Formula from Cell Above
Shift - Hold down shift for additional functions in Excel’s menu
Shift+F1 - What’s This?
Shift+F2 - Edit cell comment
Shift+F3 - Paste function into formula
Shift+F4 - Find Next
Shift+F5 - Find
Shift+F6 - Previous Pane
Shift+F8 - Add to selection
Shift+F9 - Calculate active worksheet
Shift+F10 - Display shortcut menu
Shift+F11 - New worksheet
Ctrl+F3 - Define name
Ctrl+F4 - Close
Ctrl+F5 - XL, Restore window size
Ctrl+F6 - Next workbook window
Shift+Ctrl+F6 - Previous workbook window
Ctrl+F7 - Move window
Ctrl+F8 - Resize window
Ctrl+F9 - Minimize workbook
Ctrl+F10 - Maximize or restore window
Ctrl+F11 - Inset 4.0 Macro sheet
Ctrl+F1 - File Open
Alt+F1 - Insert Chart
Alt+F2 - Save As
Alt+F4 - Exit
Alt+Down arrow - Display AutoComplete list
Alt+’ - Format Style dialog box
Ctrl+Shift+~ - General format
Ctrl+Shift+! - Comma format
Ctrl+Shift+@ - Time format
Ctrl+Shift+# - Date format
Ctrl+Shift+$ - Currency format
Ctrl+Shift+% - Percent format
Ctrl+Shift+^ - Exponential format
Ctrl+Shift+& - Place outline border around selected cells
Ctrl+Shift+_ - Remove outline border
Ctrl+Shift+* - Select current region
Ctrl++ - Insert
Ctrl+- - Delete
Ctrl+1 - Format cells dialog box
Ctrl+2 - Bold
Ctrl+3 - Italic
Ctrl+4 - Underline
Ctrl+5 - Strikethrough
Ctrl+6 - Show/Hide objects
Ctrl+7 - Show/Hide Standard toolbar
Ctrl+8 - Toggle Outline symbols
Ctrl+9 - Hide rows
Ctrl+0 - Hide columns
Ctrl+Shift+( - Unhide rows
Ctrl+Shift+) - Unhide columns
Alt or F10 - Activate the menu
Ctrl+Tab - In toolbar: next toolbar
Shift+Ctrl+Tab - In toolbar: previous toolbar
Ctrl+Tab - In a workbook: activate next workbook
Shift+Ctrl+Tab - In a workbook: activate previous workbook
Tab - Next tool
Shift+Tab - Previous tool
Enter - Do the command
Shift+Ctrl+F - Font Drop down List
Shift+Ctrl+F+F - Font tab of Format Cell Dialog box
Shift+Ctrl+P - Point size Drop down List
Ctrl + E - Align center
Ctrl + J - justify
Ctrl + L - align 
Ctrl + R - align right
Alt + Tab - switch applications
Windows + P - Project screen
Windows + E - open file explorer
Windows + D - go to desktop
Windows + M - minimize all windows
Windows + S - search

Basics of Computer Organisation

Input Unit

The input device or input unit of the computer system is used for feeding data and instructions to the computer. An input device allows users to communicate and feed instructions and data to computers for processing, display, storage and/or transmission.

·        Keyboards: Allow users to input alphanumeric data and commands

·        Pointing devices and game controllers: Allow users to direct application software and interact with graphical user interfaces

·        Audio and video devices: Allow users to capture sound and images

Output Unit

An output device or output unit is used to send data from a computer to another device or user. A display device is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information. Examples of an output device include monitors, projectors, speakers, headphones and printers.

Input/output Unit

Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards, typically perform both input and output operations such devices are termed as Input/output Units or devices. The touchscreen is also a popular example of such devices.

Central Processing Unit

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the computer component that's responsible for interpreting and executing most of the commands from the computer's other hardware and software. A CPU is further categorised into following parts for a simple and basic understanding of its functioning: 

1) Arithmetic-Logic unit

2) Control Unit

3) Memory Unit

Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU):  The ALU is an electronic circuit used to carry out the arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. This unit carries out logical operations like greater than, less than, equal to etc. It performs the operation on the data provided by the input devices.

Control Unit: The control unit coordinates the activities of all the other units in the system. Its main functions are to control the transfer of data and information between various units and to initiate appropriate actions by the arithmetic-logic unit. Conceptually, the control unit fetches instructions from the memory, decodes them, and directs them to various units to perform the specified tasks.

Memory Unit:  The main memory is also called primary memory, is used to store data temporarily. Although the CPU is the brain behind all the operations in the computer, it needs to be supplied with the data to be processed and the instructions to tell it what to do. Once the CPU has carried out an instruction, it needs the result to be stored. This storage space is provided by the computer’s memory.

Computer - Some Short-Cut Keys

    Some basic Keys Common Tasks

·        Ctrl + Shift + Spacebar - Create a non breaking space

·        Ctrl + B - Make letters bold

·        Ctrl + I - Make letters italic

·        Ctrl + U - Make letters underline

·        Ctrl + Shift+ < - Decrease font size one value

·        Ctrl + Shift + > - Increase the font size one value

·        Ctrl + [ - Increase the font size by 1 point

·        Ctrl + ] - Decrease the font size by 1 point

·        Ctrl + Spacebar - Remove paragraph or character formatting.

·        Ctrl + C - Copy the selected text or object

·        Ctrl + X - Cut the selected text or object

·        Ctrl + V - Paste text or an object

·        Ctrl + Alt + V - Paste special

·        Ctrl + Shift + V - Paste formatting only

·        Ctrl + Z - Undo the last action

·        Ctrl + Y - Redo the last action

Control - Keys + Function Keys

·        Ctrl+F2 - Choose the print preview command (Microsoft office Button)

·        Ctrl+F3 - Cut on the spike

·        Ctrl+F4 - Close the window

·        Ctrl+F6 - Go to the next window

·        Ctrl+F9 - Insert an empty field

·        Ctrl+F10 - Maximise the document window

·        Ctrl+F11 - Lock a field

·        Ctrl+F12 - Choose the Open command (Microsoft Office Button)

Function Keys

·        Ctrl+F2 - Choose the print preview command (Microsoft office Button)

·        Ctrl+F3 - Cut on the spike

·        Ctrl+F4 - Close the window

·        Ctrl+F6 - Go to the next window

·        Ctrl+F9 - Insert an empty field

·        Ctrl+F10 - Maximise the document window

·        Ctrl+F11 - Lock a field

·        Ctrl+F12 - Choose the Open command (Microsoft Office Button)

·        Ctrl+F2 - Choose the print preview command (Microsoft office Button)

·        Ctrl+F3 - Cut on the spike

·        Ctrl+F4 - Close the window

Shortcut Keys of MS-Excel

·        F2 - Edit the selected cell

·        F5 - Go to a  specific cell

·        F7 - Spell check selected text and/or document

·        F11 - Create  chart

·        Ctrl + Shift + ; - Enter the current time

·        Ctrl + ; - Enter the current date

·        Shift + F3 - Open the Excel formula window

·        Shift + F5 - Bring up search box.

·        Ctrl + A - Select all contents of the worksheet

·        Ctrl + B - Bold highlighted selection

·        Ctrl + I - Italic highlighted selection

·        Ctrl + U - Underline highlighted selection

·        Ctrl + P - Bring up the print dialog box to begin printing

·        Ctrl + Z - Undo last action

·        Ctrl + F9 - Minimise current workbook

·        Ctrl + F10 - Maximise currently selected workbook

·        Ctrl + F6 - Switch between open workbooks/window

·        Ctrl + Page Up - Move between Excel worksheet in the same Excel document.

·        Ctrl + Page Down - Move between Excel worksheets in the same Excel document

·        Ctrl + Tab - Move between two or more open Excel files

·        Alt + = - Create a formula to sum all of the above cells

·        Ctrl + ’ - Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected.

·        Ctrl + Arrow key - Move to next section to text

·        Ctrl + Space - Select entire column

·        Shift + Space - Select entire row

History and Generation of Computers

1. In 1822, Charles Babbage conceptualized and began developing the Difference Engine, considered to be the first automatic computing machine.

2. Then after almost a decade, Charles Babbage proposed the first general mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine contained an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, and integrated memory concept and is the first general-purpose computer.

3. In 1946, ENIAC- Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer was the first electronic general-purpose computer. It was the first large-scale computer to run at electronic speed without being slowed by any mechanical parts. And it was invented by J.Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly. 

4. Douglas Engelbart invented the first computer mouse.

5. First computer with RAM - MIT introduces the Whirlwind machine, a revolutionary computer that was the first digital computer with magnetic core RAM and real-time graphics.

6. The first minicomputer - In 1960 Digital Equipment Corporation released its first of many PDP computers the PDP-1.

7. The first laptop - First Laptop was introduced in 1981 by Adom Osborne and the company “EPSON” manufactured first Laptop.

The following table categorises generations of computers and other important factors associated with the generations. 

Subject	1st generation	2nd generation	3rd generation	4th generation	5th generation
Period	1940-1956	1956-1963	1964-1971	1971-present	present & beyond
Circuitry	Vacuum tube	Transistor	Integrated chips (IC)	Microprocessor (VLSI)	ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology
Memory Capacity	20 KB	128KB	1MB	Magnetic core memory, LSI and VLSI. High Capacity	ULSI
Processing Speed	300 IPS instructions Per sec.	300 IPS	1MIPS (1 million inst. Per sec.)	Faster than 3rd generation	Very fast
Programming Language	Machine, Language	Assembly language & early high-level languages(FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL)	C,C++	Higher level languages,C,C++,Java	All the Higher level languages,,Neural networks,
Example of computers	UNIVAC, EDVAC	IBM 1401, IBM 7094, CDC 3600,D UNIVAC 1108	IBM 360 series, 1900 series	Pentium series,Multimedia,	Artificial Intelligence, Robotics